Tag: cryptocurrency

Money is going digital.

In 2013, you could count the number of active cryptocurrency coins on both hands.

Today, there are 8,832 active coins and tokens, according to CoinMarketCap.

Launching a successful Initial Coin Offering (ICO) continues to be the main mechanism for bringing these digital assets to the marketplace. In cryptocurrency, an ICO is a crowdsourcing way to raise money for a new coin or application. Investors purchase tokens related to a product or service that are expected to increase in value based on demand. However, in many cases, several types of cryptocurrency may offer some form of utility, but they don’t always offer an ownership share in the organization or a portion of revenue, which is a key difference between ICOs and initial public offerings (IPOs) for stock equities.

The timing of the offerings is another important difference. For ICOs, they occur in the beginning when a coin is publicly launched. For IPOs, they tend to happen once the company is established and looking to expand by diluting ownership.

Since 2019, $19 billion has been raised through ICOs, while only $969 million has been raised through equity crowdfunding, according to research from CB Insights. The inclusive nature of the offerings has made them popular worldwide. For example, anyone with a digital wallet can participate in an ICO and the market is open around the clock in every time zone, which has made it easier to build large investor followings.

To increase the odds of launching a successful ICO, your coin will need to be set up for success. Here is a checklist of essential items:

Cryptocurrency Attorney Insight #1: Legal Assistance

The first must-have is legal advice from a trusted lawyer with crypto and blockchain experience.

As a member of the Connecticut Crypto Forum, which Pastore LLC has sponsored since last May, we have helped cryptocurrency and blockchain startups succeed, while others have struggled because they were not savvy about regulation.

Your attorney will need to assess whether your ICO is promoting coins that are deemed securities by the SEC. Market professionals may be promoting the sale of coins without determining if securities law is applicable to the digital assets, which could result in a violation of the Securities Exchange of 1934.

The Howey test will help you understand the legal nature of crypto at your ICO.

In 1946, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) v. W.J. Howey Co. created the basis for specific factors that separate a security from a commodity. In the decision, which involved citrus grove buyers, the investors only needed to supply capital to the arrangement, while all the other details were managed by others. This point underscores the basic tenets of an investment contract. The four factors include 1) an investment, 2) a common enterprise, 3) a profit expectation and 4) generated from the work of third-party participants.

Cryptocurrency Attorney Insight #2: Marketing Expertise

A whitepaper is a crucial document that spells out a looming problem and positions the coin as the solution. Biographies are also important. In the beginning, startups are only ideas, while the team members are the product that investors want to support.

The blockchain architecture should be disclosed and key topics, including energy consumption, interoperability and scalability, should be addressed for investors. The tokenomics of the coin, which includes supply and demand issues, should also be included in the document. What is the total supply? The current supply? Will coins be “burned” or permanently removed from circulation? These questions should be addressed.

The whitepaper should include a roadmap, which includes important dates and milestones, in addition to the amount of money raised and its intended use.

Web company Dev Technosys estimates that cryptocurrency companies should budget 10% to 20% of their funding target to support its marketing program.

As part of the outreach program, a website is an important part of the puzzle. It’s the center of your brand’s online universe. Cryptocurrency organizations tend to opt for a clean, simple one-page site that scrolls down to company news, industry awards and affiliations, as well as the roadmap and background of team members.

Cryptocurrency Attorney Insight #3: Technical Experience

There are several technical aspects a cryptocurrency team must consider to improve its chances of a successful ICO.

First, a security audit for your soon-to-be launched crypto coins leverages code analysis that discovers problems in the applications. This exercise needs to be part of your pre-launch process and stated in the marketing materials to build confidence among investors.

An emphasis on blockchain development, however, cannot be understated. Development is about maintaining the platform by managing various usages such as distributed applications, smart contracts and digital currencies. As a reference point, Ethereum may have the highest number of developers with 5,758. Since Bitcoin was established in 2009, it is estimated that there are more than 23,000 developers in the field today.

And the most crucial, make-or-break, technical endeavor? Getting your coin on an exchange. The exchange listing creates many “abilities” for cryptocurrency coins, ranging from credibility, visibility and accessibility for investors. Of course, price stability is one of the biggest benefits.

Bottom line, considering any potential legal ramifications of your cryptocurrency coins first and foremost will create an environment for a successful ICO—and productive venture.

(Joseph M. Pastore III is chairman of Pastore, a law firm that helps corporate and financial services clients find creative solutions to complex legal challenges. He can be reached at 203.658.8455 or jpastore@pastore.net.)

The cryptocurrency reporting rules have changed but compliance requirements have not been made any clearer. The recent changes in the tax reporting requirements have left crypto platforms, brokers, and traders with minimal guidance and exposed buyers and sellers to a potential tax trap.

This note illustrates a process by which taxpayers who engage in virtual currency transactions can properly report their taxable gains or losses, even in the absence of revised guidance from the IRS. This process, properly deployed, will save many taxpayers who sell cryptocurrency during the tax year substantial amounts of money in federal taxes.

Section 80603 of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, P.L. 117-58 (signed into law November 15, 2021) amends both Section 6045 and 6045A of the Internal Revenue Code to accomplish three significant changes in the tax law related to returns of brokers regarding digital assets:

• Brings digital assets under the broker reporting requirements by:
  • Adding to the definition of “broker” for purposes of information reporting “any person who (for consideration) is responsible for regularly providing any service effectuating transfers of digital assets on behalf of another person.” Code §6045(c)(1)(D)(effective for returns required to be filed and statements required to be furnished after December 31, 2023) and
  • At §6045(g)(3)(B)(iv), adding digital assets to the scope of covered securities for purposes of Code §6045(g)(2)(a). This addition has the effect of requiring the newly-expanded population of persons treated as brokers under the tax law to report the capital gains and losses of persons disposing of digital assets on Form 1099-B. Reg. §1.6045-1(d)(2)
• Defines a digital asset as “any digital representation of value which is recorded on a cryptographically secured distributed ledger or any similar technology” and includes an exception deferring to other and further definitions as may be promulgated by the Treasury. §6045(g)(4)

Cryptocurrency exchanges, such as Binance, Coinbase Exchange, Kraken, KuCoin, and OKX are now explicitly required to provide information reporting on Form 1099-B. However, the IRS has recognized that the existing reporting regulations do not contemplate virtual currency and so, in Announcement 2023-2 (December 23, 2022), the Service relieved brokers from the new reporting requirements pending issuance of final regulations under the new law. Taxpayers, however, remain responsible for reporting the proceeds of the virtual currency dispositions.

Taxpayers must report the nature and magnitude of their gains and losses on dispositions of digital assets whether or not any exchange or platform reports their transactions. This leaves responsibility for accurate recordkeeping squarely, and exclusively, on the taxpayer disposing of the assets. Indeed, decentralized finance exchanges such as Idex and dYdX, which do not collect Know Your Customer information (See, 31 CFR 1023.220), and self-custody traders, which do not provide information reporting, have no present role in tax reporting.

On whatever form — 1099-B, 1099-K, or no reporting form at all  —  a taxpayer receives regarding information reported to the IRS about the proceeds from the disposition of digital assets, that information must be translated into its tax effects via Form 8949, then to Schedule D, and, ultimately, to Form 1040. This reporting array provides to the IRS information describing the assets, the dates of acquisition and disposition, basis calculation, and the resulting gain or loss from each asset disposition. It also serves to characterize the resulting gain or loss as ordinary or capital and, if capital, as either long or short term. See, Code §1222; Reg. §§1.6045-1(d)(2)(i) and (ii).  Capital gains, calculated using the netting rules of §1222(11), are, generally, taxed at more favorable rates than ordinary income. Code §§1(h)(1) and (j)(5).

Gains on the disposition of capital assets, including covered securities, are calculated by subtracting the cost or other basis of the property from the net amount realized from its disposition. See, Reg. §1.1011-1. This amount is reported by the exchange or broker on Form 1099-B and, in turn, by the taxpayer on Form 8949.

This two-step process includes a mathematical trap for the unwary, which the IRS tacitly acknowledges in its virtual currency FAQs released October 9, 2019 (IR-2019-167). These FAQs largely reflect the two methods of basis allocation provided in the regulations that are available to a taxpayer who sells less than their entire position in a virtual currency account. However, because the regulations (Reg. §§1.6045-1(d)(2)(i) and (ii)) were promulgated prior to the explicit addition of digital assets to the statutory information reporting scheme by Section 80603 of P.L. 117-58, the Service has issued this interim guidance to remind such taxpayers that their basis reporting for digital assets may be accomplished in either of two ways:

• Identification of the specific units of virtual currency that were sold. Such specific identification must include

(1) the date and time each unit was acquired

(2) the taxpayer’s basis and the fair market value of each unit at the time it was acquired

(3) the date and time each unit was sold, exchanged, or otherwise disposed of, and

(4) the fair market value of each unit when sold, exchanged, or disposed of, and the amount of money or the value of property received for each unit or

• If the taxpayer does not identify specific units of virtual currency, the units are deemed to have been sold, exchanged, or otherwise disposed of in chronological order beginning with the earliest unit of the virtual currency purchased or acquired; that is, on a first in, first out (FIFO) basis

FAQs 40 and 41.

Recall that Form 1099-B, when used by crypto exchanges and brokers for reporting sales of less than a taxpayer’s entire position, reports in Box 1(e) only the summary figure of cost or other basis, without specifying how that basis is calculated. The regulations and the FAQs prescribe that the FIFO method is the default basis reporting calculation in the absence of information adequate to support allocation of basis to specific units of digital currency.

Form 1099-B is, however, not the end of the taxpayer’s analysis. This is important because Form 8949, generally required to be filed with the return of a taxpayer who has sold capital assets (now, including digital assets) during the tax year, enables the taxpayer to correct the basis reported on Form 1099-B.  Brokers and exchanges will, as a rule, simply report out capital gain on a FIFO basis, potentially leaving inattentive taxpayers with a larger tax bill than they would have with proper figuring.

Here is how capital gains tax exposure can be unnecessarily inflated for a seller of digital assets who does not liquidate his or her entire position during the year.

The comparison may be illustrated with these pricing data from a popular digital currency over a recent period where a hypothetical taxpayer invested in a single unit of the asset each calendar month at its then-prevailing price.

Comparison of Capital Gains Tax on Sale of Virtual Currency Positions Using FIFO and Specific Information Basis Allocation

Comparison of Long Term Capital Gain Tax Using FIFO and Specific Identification Methods of Basis Allocation

A taxpayer who partially liquidates a digital currency position, then, should make strategic use of the Form 8949, whether or not the taxpayer receives an information statement from a broker or exchange. Note that for each transaction type for which Part I, Box (A), (B), or (C), or Part II, Box (D), (E), or (F) is checked, a separate Form 8949 must be filed.

The taxpayer should complete the appropriate part of the form (Part I for Short Term Capital Assets, Part II for Long Term Capital Assets) and enter in column (e) the appropriate basis allocation. If the taxpayer elects to use the Specific Identification method for a partially liquidated position, he or she should be prepared to document the claim with

• The date and time each unit was acquired;
• The basis and fair market value of each unit at the time acquired;
• The date and time each unit was sold, exchanged or otherwise disposed of;
• The fair market value of each unit when disposed of; and
• The amount of money or the value of property received for each unit

FAQ 39.

In circumstances where the allocated basis of the liquidated asset varies from the amount stated in Box 1(e) on the Form 1099-B or other information statement, the taxpayer should enter Code B in column (f) and enter the amount by which the stated basis is being adjusted on the Form 8949. The current amount of gain or loss should then be entered in column (h).

The total amounts on Line 2 in Parts I and II of Form 8949 should then be transferred to Schedule D as follows:

• If Part I, Box A is checked, transfer the amount in Part I, line 2 to line 1b of Schedule D
• If Part I Box B is checked, transfer the amount in Part I, line 2 to line 2 of Schedule D
• If Part I, Box C is checked, transfer the amount it Part I, line 2 to line 3 of Schedule D
• If Part II, Box D is checked, transfer the amount in Part II, line 2 to line 8b of Schedule D
• If Part II, Box E is checked, transfer the amount in Part II, line 2 to line 9 of Schedule D
• If Part II, Box F is checked, transfer the amount in Part II, line 2 to line 10 of Schedule D

In conclusion, the responsibility of accurate capital gains reporting for digital asset transfers remains in the hands of the taxpayer. Because of the present gap between the statutory information reporting requirements and the associated regulations and forms, taxpayers must pay particular attention to how they elect and calculate basis in transactions that both were and were not reported to them or, in some circumstances, to the IRS, and whether such transactions affected long term or short-term capital assets. While taxpayers may, in most cases, benefit significantly from the Specific Identification method of basis allocation, they should be cautioned to invoke it only when they can meet the prescribed documentation to support that method. Otherwise, the default FIFO allocation should be used.

This note illustrates general principles only and is not intended as tax or legal advice. The reader is cautioned to discuss his or her specific circumstances with a qualified professional before taking any action.